which of these elements forms the same number of covalent bonds (shared electron pairs) as phosphorus does…

Explanation:

Step1: Determine phosphorus's valence electrons

Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons. It can form 3 covalent bonds to achieve an octet (by sharing 3 pairs of electrons), or in some cases 5 covalent bonds by using its empty d - orbitals. Commonly, it forms 3 covalent bonds.

Step2: Analyze nitrogen

Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and commonly forms 3 covalent bonds to complete its octet.

Step3: Analyze oxygen

Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and forms 2 covalent bonds.

Step4: Analyze sulfur

Sulfur has 6 valence electrons. It can form 2 covalent bonds in its common compounds, but also can expand its octet to form more bonds in some cases. Commonly 2.

Step5: Analyze chlorine

Chlorine has 7 valence electrons and forms 1 covalent bond to achieve an octet.

Answer:

A. nitrogen