b. all economies are planned\n1. who does economic planning under capitalism and socialism?\n a…

Brief Explanations:

1a. Under capitalism, economic planning is mainly done by private - sector businesses and entrepreneurs who make decisions based on market signals like prices, supply, and demand. There is no central - planning authority dictating all economic activities. 1b. In socialism, economic planning is typically carried out by a central government or state - owned enterprises. The government decides on production levels, resource allocation, and distribution based on what it deems to be in the best interests of society. 2. Critics of capitalism often point out issues such as income inequality, where the wealthy can amass large amounts of wealth while many others struggle; market failures like externalities (e.g., environmental pollution) that are not adequately addressed by the free - market mechanism; and the boom - bust economic cycles that can lead to recessions and unemployment.

Answer:

1a. Private - sector businesses and entrepreneurs based on market signals. 1b. Central government or state - owned enterprises. 2. Income inequality, market failures, and boom - bust economic cycles.