3. why did empires face more challenges than city - states?

Brief Explanations:

Empires are larger in size, have more diverse populations, and cover a wider geographical area compared to city - states. Larger size means more complex governance, such as managing a larger bureaucracy. Diverse populations may have different cultures, languages, and religions, leading to potential internal conflicts. A wider geographical area can make communication and transportation more difficult, and also makes the empire more vulnerable to external threats from multiple directions.

Answer:

Empires faced more challenges than city - states mainly due to their larger size (complex governance), diverse populations (potential internal conflicts), and wider geographical expanse (communication/transportation issues and external threat vulnerabilities).