exploration was carried out\n○ competitively among european nations.\n○ cooperatively between the peoples of…

Brief Explanations:

During the Age of Exploration (15th - 17th centuries), European nations like Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands were in competition. They vied for new trade routes, colonies, resources (such as gold and spices). For example, Spain and Portugal initially had treaties (like the Treaty of Tordesillas) to divide non - European territories they discovered, but later other European powers also entered the fray. There was no real cooperation among European nations on a large scale during exploration. And it was not a cooperative effort between the peoples of the world (as many non - European peoples were colonized or exploited) nor was there a general sense of goodwill towards all people (given the exploitation and violence of colonization).

Answer:

competitively among European nations.