3. where might new civilizations and empires have emerged?

Brief Explanations:

Throughout history, new civilizations and empires have emerged in various regions. Fertile river - valleys like the Tigris - Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Yellow River regions were cradles of early civilizations. In more recent times, new powers have emerged in different parts of the world due to factors like industrialization, access to resources, and geopolitical strategies. For example, the United States emerged as a major power in the 20th century.

Answer:

New civilizations and empires have emerged in river - valley regions historically (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China) and in other areas more recently due to factors like industrialization and geopolitical advantages (e.g., the United States).