3. what are some of the (a) institutional and (b) psychological explanations for comparatively low voter…

Brief Explanations:

(a) Institutional: Registration requirements can be cumbersome. For example, some states have strict deadlines and complex procedures. Also, election - day being a workday can deter many from voting. (b) Psychological: Political apathy can play a role. Some voters feel their vote doesn't matter or that candidates are not appealing, leading to a lack of motivation to vote.

Answer:

(a) Cumbersome registration, election - day on workday. (b) Political apathy, lack of candidate appeal.