individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the…

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting a. self - actualization attributes b. the fight - or - flight response c. attributional deficits d. cognitive dissonance e. learned helplessness

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting a. self - actualization attributes b. the fight - or - flight response c. attributional deficits d. cognitive dissonance e. learned helplessness

Answer

Brief Explanations:

  • 自我实现属性（self - actualization attributes）是马斯洛需求层次理论中的最高层次需求，与题干描述不符。
  • 战斗或逃跑反应（the fight - or - flight response）是机体对威胁的生理反应，题干强调的是认知和行为上的不作为，而非生理反应。
  • 归因缺陷（attributional deficits）主要涉及对事件原因的错误归因，题干重点是对不可避免性的认知及不作为，并非归因问题。
  • 认知失调（cognitive dissonance）是指个体同时持有相互矛盾的认知时产生的心理不适，与题干情境不同。
  • 习得性无助（learned helplessness）是指个体经历多次失败或不可控事件后，认为自己无法改变结果，从而放弃努力，符合题干中个体认为不愉快经历不可避免且不采取行动改变事件进程的描述。

Answer:

E. learned helplessness