select the correct answer. which statement is true? a. correlation or association proves causation. b…

select the correct answer. which statement is true? a. correlation or association proves causation. b. causation requires either correlation or association. c. causation can exist without correlation or association. d. all correlations indicate causal links. e. if there is correlation, then there is causation.

select the correct answer. which statement is true? a. correlation or association proves causation. b. causation requires either correlation or association. c. causation can exist without correlation or association. d. all correlations indicate causal links. e. if there is correlation, then there is causation.

Answer

Brief Explanations:

Correlation does not imply causation. Causation means one variable directly influences another. While causation often shows some form of correlation or association, it is possible for a causal relationship to exist without an obvious linear - type correlation (e.g., complex non - linear causal relationships). Option A is wrong as correlation doesn't prove causation. Option D and E are also wrong for the same reason. Option B is incorrect because causation is a more specific relationship than just having a correlation or association.

Answer:

C. Causation can exist without correlation or association.